“Blautr erum bergis fótar borr”

Disabled Masculinity and Irregular Phalli in the Íslendingasögur

Authors

  • Meg Morrow University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29173/scancan280

Keywords:

Disability studies, Masculinity Studies, gender, Icelandic Sagas, medieval studies

Abstract

Numerous medieval Icelandic sagas discuss men who have irregular phalli. While previous studies have attempted to understand the relationship between medieval Icelandic men and their irregular penises through a psychoanalytic lens, this article instead focuses on the intersection of disability theory and masculinity theory (known as “disabled masculinity”) to examine the cultural and social implications of having an irregular phallus in the medieval Icelandic world, which will be labeled as a “sexual disability.” As this study will reveal, these sexual disabilities were perhaps the most culturally disabling for men in the medieval Icelandic world because of the gender-specific significance of the penis and its impact on their perceived masculine performance.

References

Áns saga bogsveigis, 1954. In Fornaldar sögur Norðurlanda II. Edited by Guðni Jónsson. 365-403. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgafan.

Brennu-Njáls saga. 1954. Edited by Einar Ólafur Sveinsson. Íslenzk fornrit 12. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag.

Bullough, Vern. 1994. “On Being Male in the Middle Ages.” In Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages, edited by Clare A. Lees, 31–46. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. 2010. The Cambridge Introduction to the Old Norse-Icelandic Saga. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Connell, R.W. 1987. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Clover, Carol J. 1993. "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe." Representations 44: 1–28.

Cook, Robert, translator. 1997. Njals saga. London: Penguin Classics.

Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99.

Crocker, Christopher. 2020. “Narrating Blindness and Seeing Ocularcentrism in Þorsteins saga hvíta.” Gripla 31: 267–292.

Crocker, Christopher, Tirosh, Yoav and Ármann Jakobson. 2022. “Disability in Medieval Iceland: Some Methodological Concerns.” In Understanding Disability Throughout History: Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Iceland from Settlement to 1936, edited by Hanna Björg Sigurjónsdóttir and James G. Rice, 12–28. New York: Routledge.

Dennis, Andrew, Foote, Peter, and Perkins, Richard, translators. 2000. The Laws of Early Iceland: Grágás II. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press.

Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar. 1933. Edited by Sigurður Nordal. Íslenzk fornrit 2. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag.

Evans, Gareth Lloyd. 2019. Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of the Icelanders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

—. 2020. “Female Masculinity and the Sagas of Icelanders.” In Masculinities in Old Norse Literature, edited by Gareth Lloyd Evans and Jessica Clare Hancock, 59–76. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.

Eyler, Joshua R. 2010. “Introduction: Breaking Boundaries, Building Bridges.” In Disability in the Middle Ages: Reconsiderations and Reverberations, edited by Joshua R. Eyler, 1–8. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.

Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna Katrín. 2013. Women in Old Norse Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Grágás: Islændernes lovbog i fristatens tid. 1852–83. Edited by Vilhjálmur Finsen. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Brødrene Berlings Bogtrykkeri.

Grettis saga Ásmundarson. 1936. Edited by Guðni Jónsson. Íslenzk fornrit 7. Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag.

Halberstam, Jack. 1998. Female Masculinity. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Heizmann, Wilhelm, translator. 2012. “Anonymous, Lausavísur from Vǫlsa þáttr.” In Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Edited by Diana Whaley, 1089. Turnhout: Brepols. Accessed from skaldic.org.

Hughes, Shaun F.D., translator. 2005. “The Saga of Án Bow-bender.” In Medieval Outlaws: Twelve Tales in Modern English Translation. 290-337. West Lafayette: Parlor Press.

Jakobsson, Ármann. 2007. “Masculinity and Politics in Njáls Saga.” Viator 38 (1): 192–215.

—. 2011. “Óðinn as Mother: The Old Norse Deviant Patriarch.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi 126: 5–16.

Lacan, Jacques. 2005. “The Signification of the Phallus.” In Écrits. translated by Alan Sheridan. 215-222. London and New York: Routledge.

Lavender, Philip. 2020. “Vulnerable Masculinities in Göngu-Hrólfs saga.” In Masculinities in Old Norse Literature, edited by Gareth Lloyd Evans and Jessica Clare Hancock, 103–05. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.

Lawing, Sean. 2016. “Perspectives on Disfigurement in Medieval Iceland: A Cultural Study based on Old Norse Laws and Icelandic Sagas.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Reykjavík: University of Iceland.

Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier. 2015. “Rape in the Icelandic Sagas: An Insight in the Perceptions about Sexual Assaults on Women in the Old Norse World.” Journal of Family History 40: 431–47.

Messerschmidt, James W. 2018. Hegemonic Masculinity: Formulation, Reformulation, and Amplification. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Mitchell, David and Sharon Snyder. 2013. “Narrative Prothesis.” In The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, 222–35. New York: Routledge.

Morrow, Meg. 2021. “Disabled Masculinity: Njáll’s Beardlessness in the Changing Religious Landscape of Medieval Iceland.” Mirator 2 (20): 21–37.

—. 2020. “Disabled Masculinity: An Intersectional Analysis of the Icelandic Sagas.” MA Thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.

Murphy, Luke John. 2018. “Paganism at Home: Pre-Christian Private Praxis and Household Religion in the Iron-Age North.” Scripta Islandica 69: 49–97.

Phelpstead, Carl. 2007. “Size Matters: Penile Problems in the Sagas of the Icelanders.” Exemplaria 19 (3): 420–37.

Scrudder, Bernard, translator. 2001. “Egil’s saga.” In The Sagas of the Icelanders, 3-184. New York: Penguin Books.

—, translator. 1997. “The Saga of Grettir the Strong.” In The Complete Sagas of the Icelanders II, 49-192. Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson Publishing.

Shakespeare, Tom. 2013. “The Social Model of Disability.” In The Disability Studies Reader, edited by Lennard J. Davis, 214–221. New York: Routledge.

Shuttleworth, Russell, Wedgwood, Nikki and Wilson, Nathan J. (2012) “The Dilemma of Disabled Masculinity.” Men and Masculinities 15 (2): 174–94.

Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht. 1983. The Unmanly Man, translated by Joan Turville-Petre. Odense: Odense University Press.

Tirosh, Yoav. 2020. “Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200–1550).” Viator 51: 311–44.

Zoëga, Geir T. 1910. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Downloads

Published

2026-03-18

How to Cite

Morrow, M. (2026). “Blautr erum bergis fótar borr”: Disabled Masculinity and Irregular Phalli in the Íslendingasögur. Scandinavian-Canadian Studies, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.29173/scancan280